Healthcare Professional Resources
The Humatrope Interactive Growth Chart – which is a "one-stop shop" for plotting your patients' heights, weights, and bone age, and for calculating height velocity, height SD scores, and predicted adult height.
Mechanism of growth hormone action
Note: If you have trouble viewing the animations, you may need to download Windows Media Player.
GH Effects on Growth
Growth hormone synthesis, secretion, and transport
- Iversen S et al. The autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamus. In: ER Kandel et al., editors. Principles of Neural Science, 4th edition (pp. 961-81). Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1991.
- Melmed S. The pituitary. In: Ulijaszek SJ et al., editors. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Growth and Development. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
- Casanueva FF, Dieguez C. Ghrelin a new hormone implicated in the regulation of growth hormone secretion and body energy homeostasis. Growth, Genetics and Hormones 2004;20:1-16.
- Mehls O, Tonshoff B. Growth hormone in renal transplantation – the mode of action, animal studies, and clinical use. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992;2(Suppl. 12):S284-9.
- Hansen TK et al. Dose dependency of the pharmacokinetics and acute lipolytic actions of growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4691-8.
GH action at the liver
- López-Bermejo A et al. Genetic defects of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2000;11:39-49.
- Trivedi B, Daughaday WH. Release of growth hormone binding proteinfrom IM-9 lymphocytes by endopeptidase is dependent on sulfhydryl group inactivation. Endocrinology 1988;123:2201-6.
- Kofoed EM et al. Growth hormone insensitivity associated with a STAT5b mutation. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1139-47.
- Eugster EA et al. New revelations about the role of STATs in stature. New Engl J Med 2003;349:1110-2.
- Robson H et al. Interactions between GH, IGF-I, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones during skeletal growth. Pediatr Res 002;52:137-47.
- Chin E et al. Cellular localization and regulation of gene expression for components of the insulin-like growth factor ternary binding protein complex. Endocrinology 1994;134:2498-504.
- Scharf J et al. Synthesis of insulinlike growth factor binding proteins and of the acid-labile subunit in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, of Kupffer cells, and in cocultures: Regulation by insulin, insulinlike growth factor, and growth hormone. Hepatology 1996;23:818-27.
GH and IGF-I effects on bone growth
- Yakar S et al. Circulating levels of IGF-1 directly regulate bone growth and density. J Clin Invest 2002;110:771-81.
- Dupont J et al. Microarray analysis and identification of novel molecules involved in insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signaling and gene expression. Recent Prog Horm Res 2003;58:325-42.
- Camacho-Hübner C. Normal physiology of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors in childhood. August 26, 2002. Available at: www.endotext.org/neuroendo/neuroendo5a/neuroendo5a.htm
GH Effects on Body Composition
GH effects on adipose tissue
- Simpson HL et al. Insulin-like growth factor I has a direct effect on glucose and protein metabolism, but no effect on lipid metabolism in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:425-32.
- Carrel AL, Allen DB. Effects of growth hormone on adipose tissue. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000;13(Suppl. 2):1003-9.
- Nam SY, Lobie PE. The mechanism of effect of growth hormone on preadipocyte and adipocyte function. Obes Rev 2000;1:73-86.
GH effects on muscle
- Marieb EN. Human anatomy and physiology, 5th Ed. Benjamin Cummings: San Francisco, 2001.
- Garlick PJ et al. Hormonal regulation of protein metabolism in relation to nutrition and disease. J Nutr 1998;128(Suppl. 2):356S-9S.
- Musaro A et al. IGF-I induces skeletal myocyte hypertrophy through calcineurin in association with GATA-2 and NF-ATc1. Nature 1999;400:581-5.
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